Introduction & Background: The historical evolution of concepts of the mind has had a tremendous impact on human civilization. Aside from Smith surgical papyrus, there exists practically no documentation down to the era of Hippocrates. While in Corpus, the seat of all sensations is put in the Brain, there is an amazing regression, for many centuries thereafter notably influenced by Aristotle, to displace it to the heart. This erroneous diversion promulgated in De Anima with minor corrections by Galen, has per-peculated to our time when we say, for example, that we love something with our very hearts or knowing by heart when we mean to memorize something. Avicenna challenged many of Aristotle ideas in El-monads (psychology) section of Al Shafer, paving the road for the later European Renaissance. Cartesian choice of pineal body as the seat of soul in the first half of the 7th century was a fundamental departure from Brain-soul dichotomy. It was followed by Galls pseudo-science, phrenology, as the first attempt of Brain mapping in ascribing mental faculties to the speculative organ of the Brain. Brain mapping through Functional Brain imaging has flourished ex-pensively in the past decades -starting from PET with later substitution by firm- as robust tools for interred-gating mysteries of the Brain. With a surprising pace of development, Functional Brain imaging heralds a welcome adjunct to the science of radiology in ex-poring mind and human behavior. Given the multi-tide of appropriate MRI machines operating across the country, attention to this aspect of imaging can invigorate research in radiology and boost generation of knowledge in this rapidly growing field. Recent advances in MRI fast imaging, firm, as well as cline-cal and spectroscopic imaging with present clinical application and future trends are discussed. 

Introduction: The Iranian Brain imaging Database (IBID) was initiated in 2017, with 5 major goals: provide researchers easy access to a neuroimaging database, provide normative quantitative measures of the Brain for clinical research purposes, study the aging profile of the Brain, examine the association of Brain structure and function, and join the ENIGMA consortium. Many prestigious databases with similar goals are available. However, they were not done on an Iranian population, and the battery of their tests (e. g. cognitive tests) is selected based on their specific questions and needs. Methods: The IBID will include 300 participants (50% female) in the age range of 20 to 70 years old, with an equal number of participants (#60) in each age decade. It comprises a battery of cognitive, lifestyle, medical, and mental health tests, in addition to several Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) protocols. Each participant completes the assessments on two referral days. Results: The study currently has a cross-sectional design, but longitudinal assessments are considered for the future phases of the study. Here, details of the methodology and the initial results of assessing the first 152 participants of the study are provided. Conclusion: IBID is established to enable research into human Brain function, to aid clinicians in disease diagnosis research, and also to unite the Iranian researchers with interests in the Brain.

Background: Amphetamines constitute a group of central nervous system stimulators with an increasing frequency of usage and destructive outcomes on the metabolism, perfusion, and structure of the Brain. This study aimed at evaluating the structural Brain changes following amphetamines abuse, using Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on the individuals, who were admitted to the toxicology Emergency Room (ER) with continuous amphetamines abuse for at least six months and a positive methamphetamine urine test. Positive Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for dependency and addiction to methamphetamine were also considered as the inclusion criteria. Following informed consent, the demographic information, and data on methamphetamine use were collected. An MRI was performed for all participants as soon as relative recovery. A matched control group also underwent MRI simultaneously. Results: Forty male (20 cases of methamphetamine addicts and 20 healthy individuals) with a Mean± SD age of 28. 1± 5. 11 years were investigated. The Mean± SD age of starting methamphetamine abuse was 25. 6± 10 years. About (75%), (n=15) of the patients abused methamphetamine 6-9 months, while others had abused it for more than 10 months. All cases used to abuse methamphetamine at least once a week, with (85%) of them inhaling it. The results showed that the only change in the Brain MRI of methamphetamine abusers was hyperintensities increase in deep and periventricular white matter (only positive MRI in 3 cases, P=0. 231). Oral consumption and higher doses had induced greater changes in the Brain structure. Conclusion: Methamphetamine dependency may increase deep and periventricular white matter hyperintensities.

The exploration of Brain imaging in children with learning disabilities has significantly advanced our understanding of the neural underpinnings of these conditions. Through the application of various neuroimaging techniques, researchers have been able to identify structural and functional abnormalities in the Brains of children with learning disabilities, providing insights that have important implications for diagnosis, intervention, and educational strategies. This letter aims to highlight key findings from recent studies on Brain imaging in children with learning disabilities and discuss their potential impact on clinical and educational practices. Brain imaging studies have significantly enhanced our understanding of the neural basis of learning disabilities, revealing important structural and functional abnormalities that underlie these conditions. By identifying early biomarkers and neural correlates, neuroimaging can play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and targeted intervention of learning disabilities. Continued research in this field is essential to develop effective strategies that support children with learning disabilities and improve their academic and social outcomes.